jueves, 7 de febrero de 2008

Tromboembolismo pulmonar

El tromboembolismo pulmonar es una obstrucción de la vasculatura pulmonar por uno o varios émbolos (fragmentos de trombos o coágulos que se desplazan por el flujo sanguíneo hasta obstruir un vaso sanguíneo, que suelen localizarse en venas de miembros inferiores o pelvis (trombosis venosa profunda)). Pueden presentarse también émbolos de grasa, líquido amniótico, médula ósea o fragmentos de tumor.

CAUSAS
Son factores de riesgo para la trombosis venosa y el tromboembolismo pulmonar:
La inmovilidad prolongada, embarazos, cáncer de reciente diagnóstico, anticonceptivos orales y los estados de hipercoagulabilidad.
Al interrumpirse de forma aguda el flujo sanguíneo pulmonar, se produce en la zona afectada un desequilibrio entre la ventilación (que no se altera), y la perfusión (que está disminuída), lo que genera una hipertensión pulmonar (véase la entrada de hipertensión pulmonar).

SINTOMATOLOGÍA
Son frecuentes la disnea (sensación de falta de aire) y la taquipnea (aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria) de comienzo brusco. En la mitad de los casos, se reconocen también síntomas de la trombosis venosa profunda.
A veces, hay síndrome vegetativo, en forma de mareos, vahídos, palpitaciones e incluso síncope (pérdida brusca de conocimiento). La presencia de este último, junto con la presencia de cianosis (coloración azulada de la piel), indican problema grave.
La hipertensión pulmonar, si es grave, se acompaña de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, insuficiencia ventricular derecha e incluso la muerte.

DIAGNÓSTICO
Se debe sospechar por el cuadro clínico y la presencia de factores de riesgo.
La gammagrafía de perfusión pulmonar permite evaluar, mediante la inyección endovenosa de un radioisótopo, áreas pulmonares con flujo sanguíneo reducido. Es conveniente realizar siempre y al mismo tiempo una gammagrafía de ventilación pulmonar, que permite observar que las áreas pulmonares con flujo reducido (o nulo), vistas en gammagrafía de perfusión, tienen una ventilación prácticamente normal. Esta discordancia entre perfusión y ventilación en diferentes áreas pulmonares es fundamental para el diagnóstico.
También son útiles la tomografía axial computarizada, espiral de contraste y la determinación del dímero-D en sangre. Este último tiene un gran valor predictivo negativo, es decir, que su negatividad excluye el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar, particularmente en casos de baja sospecha clínica.
Con todos estos estudios actuales, raramente se recurre a la angiografía pulmonar, que era el patrón oro del diagnóstico.

TRATAMIENTO
Ante la presunción clínica, debe iniciarse el tratamiento con heparina, una sustancia con propiedades anticoagulantes (acelera la disolución de los trombos y previene la formación de trombo adicional). Actualmente la heparina de bajo peso molecular sustituye a la heparina sódica, ya que ofrece idénticos buenos resultados y solamente precisa de controles sencillos. En casos agudos con gran compromiso hemodinámica y en los que afectan a más del 50% de la perfusión pulmonar, se recomienda iniciar el tratamiento con fibrinolíticos por vía endovenosa.

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